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New Mexico State University

Brush and Weed Control on New Mexico Ranges

Guide B-806

Kirk C. McDaniel and Keith W. Duncan, Extension Range Brush and Weed Control Specialists

College of Agriculture and Home Economics New Mexico State University

This Publication is scheduled to be updated and reissued 7/02.

Noxious woody and weedy plants occupy much of New Mexico ranges. One cause is preferential grazing by domestic livestock and wildlife. The more palatable species of plants are grazed and weakened, so the ungrazed plants gain advantage. Overgrazed and cultivated areas left to revert to native vegetation without seeding are prime areas for noxious plants to become established. Excessive erosion, trampling, and bedding of animals also result in denuded areas for noxious plants to become established. In some areas, these plants may be a natural part of the environment.

Objectives

The purpose of noxious plant control is to reduce coverage of undesirable plants at an economically feasible cost. Reducing the coverage of undesirable plants will increase levels of light, water, and nutrients for forage production. At least, it will prevent a potentially denser stand of the noxious plants.

Eradication of most noxious plants is usually not economically feasible. It is more realistic to try to reduce noxious plant numbers and hold them at a low level for an extended period. In other words, attempting to provide species of a higher ecological value through plant replacement would be the objective.

With poisonous plants, the offset of livestock losses may determine the feasibility of a control program rather than increased forage production.

Last but not least is ease of livestock management in areas where brush has been controlled.

Plan a Control Program

Before beginning any control effort, evaluate the potential productivity of the rangeland, as well as follow-up management possibilities. Grazing must be deferred following noxious plant control if forage plants are to regain their vigor and increase production. If necessary, plan a short- and long-term retreatment and grazing management program.

Basic Considerations

Species of Plant to be Treated

Most species of plants have one method of control that is most economical. A method that kills one species may not control another. The location and method of reproduction, such as a sprouting bud zone or prolific seed production, varies among plants and affects the choice for best control method. The depth of root systems also influences the method used for control.

The Stage of Growth of the Plant

There are periods, usually of short duration, when plants may be susceptible to a specific treatment. This is especially true when using chemical herbicides. For mechanical work, a fall treatment may be best as the plant must battle the elements throughout the winter. A spring or summer mechanical treatment often allows a plant the best chance for regrowth.

Plant Condition at Treatment Time

Don't spray plants under stress. Plants must be actively growing and have adequate soil moisture to continue growth for a period of time.

Other Plant Species in the Treatment Area Evaluate all species present, such as:

  • Primary undesirable species-the target species.
  • Secondary undesirable species that may take over when the dominance of the primary species is removed, or that will increase in density during removal of the primary species, such as happens with rabbitbrush on sagebrush dominant range.
  • Protection of desirable forage species may dictate use of a selective control method.

The site where the plant is growing. The type and depth of soil, slope, exposure, and presence or absence of excess water may restrict the type of control selected. A dry site may be the easiest place to kill a plant but the most difficult area to reestablish desirable forage plants. Areas of low potential productivity may be left as wildlife areas.

Generally, chemical control methods are most efficient on sites with coarse- to medium-textured soils. These soils may be prone to erosion when treated by mechanical means.

Density of stand. Scattered plants can be treated economically on an individual basis. Dense stands of single or mixed species may require a broadcast treatment due to the labor costs.

Determine the Best Method of Control

Four general methods of noxious plant control are recognized. They include:

Chemical. The chemicals most commonly used for control of noxious plants are oils, liquid herbicides, and dry (powdered or pelleted) materials. Oils are used primarily for basal treatment of individual trees or the stump treatment of sprouting trees. Fortifying the oil with a hormone-type herbicide tends to improve the level of control. Dry or liquid herbicides are also used on individual plants, but are generally limited to light stands. The liquid hormone-type or dry herbicides may also be applied broadcast. Because of the low rate needed, these herbicides are especially useful on dense stands of noxious plants. Application may be made with aerial or ground equipment.

With chemicals:

  • Follow the directions on the label.
  • Comply with herbicide regulations in your area.
  • Practice herbicide safety.
  • Low volatile esters, amines, and dry herbicides are less likely to drift to other areas and damage non-target crops.
  • Pounds per gallon applies to the relative strength of the material, e.g., material that is 4 pounds per gallon acid equivalent means that each quart contains the relative strength of 1 pound of herbicide.
  • Percent active ingredient of dry herbicides indicates the relative strength of the material, e.g., material that is 20% active ingredient means that each pound of dry material contains 0.2 pounds of herbicide (5 pounds of dry formulated material are needed for 1 pound of herbicide).
  • A reliable certified applicator may be the most important factor in controlling noxious plants.
  • Reduce drift by applying liquid materials when winds are less than 5-8 miles per hour and temperature is below 85°F.
  • Apply the recommended rate; the old adage that if a little is good, a whole lot is better does not apply.

Mechanical.

This method involves any treatment that physically damages the plant or removes it from the ground. Mechanical methods may be grouped as follows.

Hand methods are the oldest and often the most effective. They are applied to plants individually and are slow and costly. Grubbing consists of digging out the plant with the root system. Cutting with an ax or other tool is effective on some species that do not produce basal or root sprouts. Girdling consists of cutting the cambium (under the bark) layer in a ring around the tree trunk, thereby stopping movement of sap and nutrients.

Power methods include a wide range of equipment from power saws to tractors. The cost of labor is often reduced, but the high cost of equipment makes many mechanical methods especially expensive. Power saws have the same general application as hand cutting and girdling. Tractor dozing is one of the more effective methods of controlling larger trees and brush because it pushes or pulls the plants out by the roots. Dozers may use the straight dozer blade, blades with teeth, or a "V" shaped "stinger" attachment. This method is most applicable on open stands of larger trees or on rocky soils where other mechanical methods are limited. Chaining is a relatively cheap method of control but may only have temporary or limited effectiveness, especially on sprouting species. Anchor chains with links of 80 pounds or more are pulled behind two tractors. Chaining obtains the greatest kill of plants when used on even-aged single-stemmed trees growing at least 10 feet in height. Moist soils usually aid in the pull-out of plant roots. The main advantage of chaining is the low cost. Railing and cabling are used on some species as a substitute for chaining. On small, limber trees and shrubs in dense stands, chaining, railing, and cabling may be less effective because the vegetation causes the equipment to skip or "ride-up" and miss smaller plants. Chopping is done with a roller equipped with cutting blades. This method is usually temporary since it kills few plants and resprouting soon follows. Disking is done with a large plow or tandem disk which plows up brush. This method is usually limited to small, shallow-rooted shrubs and plowable soils. Areas that are plowed usually require reseeding. Mowing and shredding are temporary control methods adapted to small-stemmed brush and weeds. Repeat treatments are often necessary. Rootplowing cuts off the brush 18-24 inches below the ground by means of a horizontal blade pulled behind a tractor. This method is best used on areas of thick, mixed species of brush. Areas that are root plowed should be seeded.

Biotic. This method involves the use of one living organism to eat, damage, or kill another. There are numerous examples of biotic control but success in finding suitable insects or animals with a narrow range of hosts is limited.

Livestock may be considered a form of biotic control since they consume selected weeds and browse plants at certain growth stages in variable amounts. Cattle and elk normally consume 80 percent grass and 20 percent browse and weeds. Consumption by sheep is reported at 60 percent grass and 40 percent browse and weeds. Antelope eat large amounts of weeds while goats and deer consume more browse and less grass. However, not all weeds and brush are palatable to livestock or wildlife.

The use of insects and other organisms for biotic control is being studied. Few successful uses are currently made of this method.

Burning. Burning is an effective but sometimes dangerous and hazardous treatment and must be used with utmost care. Construction of fire lanes and providing adequate fire control equipment are necessary to prevent wildfires. Weeds and browse are injured more by fire than grass due to the location of the growing points. The growth point on grass is near the base of the plant whereas in weeds and brush the growth point is on the extremities. The soil should be cool and moist with the grass plants dormant to successfully control noxious plants and preserve forage plants.

Noxious Plant Control Benefits

  • Improved range condition
  • Greater forage and livestock production
  • Greater ease of working livestock
  • Lower labor requirement
  • Increased number and weight of offspring ¥ Increased food for wildlife
  • Improved watershed condition

The most effective and economical control program is often a combination of methods. In most cases the noxious plant problem has built up over time. Therefore, do not expect the problem to be controlled by one treatment. By using the best techniques available at different seasons of the year, best use of available labor and equipment can be made.

Consult other New Mexico State University Extension Service and Experiment Station publications for specific recommendations on individual species.



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Revised in July 1997
Placed on Server: July 28, 1997